2003 Archives


2003 Native American News Archive

Native American news and events that occurred in Indian Country in 2003.

1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |  Mailbag Questions Archive | Newsletter Archive

2003 Native American News Highlights

—Anna Mae Aquash (also known as Anna Mae Pictou Aquash or, legally, Anna Mae Pictou; first name also spelled Annie Mae; Mi’kmaq name Naguset Eask) (March 27, 1945 – mid-December 1975) was a Mi’kmaq activist from Nova Scotia, Canada who became the highest-ranking woman in the American Indian Movement (AIM) in the United States during the mid-1970s.

She was murdered in 1976. After decades of investigation and the hearing of testimony by three federal grand juries, in March 2003, Arlo Looking Cloud and John Graham (also known as John Boy Patton) were indicted for the murder of Aquash.

Looking Cloud was eventually convicted in 2004 and Graham in 2010; both received life sentences. Thelma Rios was indicted along with Graham, but she pled guilty to charges as an accessory to the kidnapping.

In 2008 Vine Richard “Dick” Marshall was charged with aiding the murder, but was acquitted of providing the gun. As of 2011, authorities continue to investigate the murder, as they believe that higher ranking AIM leader(s) ordered the execution in the mistaken suspicion that Aquash was an informant.

 

Article Index:

American Indian dance documentary coming to NBC on April 19th

THE WORLD OF AMERICAN INDIAN DANCE PREMIERES ON NBC TELEVISION NETWORK SATURDAY, APRIL 19 AT 3 P.M. (EST)/NOON PT

One Hour Documentary Is Produced By Four Directions Entertainment, An Enterprise Of Oneida Indian Nation

Los Angeles, CA: March 21, 2003 — The World of American Indian Dance, a one-hour documentary produced by Four Directions Entertainment, an enterprise of the Oneida Indian Nation, will premiere on the NBC Television Network on Saturday, April 19th at 3 P.M. (EST); Noon (PT). Check local listings for exact time in your area. 

Discovery in Wisconsin stirs scientific debate: Did two different cultures meet?

Nestled in a beautiful, verdant valley along the Mississippi River, a great feast took place nearly 1,000 years ago.

In what appears to be something like an ancient Thanksgiving dinner – albeit with dog meat instead of turkey – people of two different cultures met, exchanged food, ideas and possibly gave birth to an entirely new cultural tradition.

In a pit of dirt, cleared by bulldozers for the building of a subdivision on the outskirts of Onalaska, Robert “Ernie” Boszhardt, a regional archaeologist from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse’s Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center, discovered evidence of a rare cultural exchange, one that he believes will have an impact on the way we interpret and understand Wisconsin archaeology.

What they found was evidence of the intermingling of Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian cultures,at about A.D. 1050, in the La Crosse region.“We never expected to find anything like this,” Boszhardt said. “It took us completely by surprise.”

“This could be the staging ground for later Oneota culture,” Boszhardt said.

The archaeological history of Wisconsin between A.D. 1000 and 1200 is messy. And the site at Onalaska – with evidence of two distinct cultural pottery types at the same hearth – may help to put that confusion to rest, Boszhardt said.

Before A.D. 1000, researchers are fairly confident about who lived in the state: It was the Late Woodland culture. These were the people who built effigy mounds, such as the ones on the UW-Madison campus.

The effigy-mound builders probably moved around a bit – never staying in one place too long. They fed themselves from the meat they hunted and the foods they gathered in the woods and grasslands around them.

After A.D. 1000, this culture vanished. In 1200, a new one, called Oneota, took its place. These later people were agricultural. They ate and grew corn, and were pretty sedentary, Boszhardt said.

Hotly debated subject

So what happened between the disappearance of the first group and the arrival of the second remains a sticky – and sometimes fiercely debated – subject.

Some believe the Late Woodlanders became Oneota, via cultural influence from an outside source.

But others, namely David Overstreet at Marquette University, think they were pushed out by marauding and expanding groups of Oneota from the East.

What is known about this period is that an impressively complex and thriving community was built in what is now Illinois, just across the river from St. Louis.

There, a city called Cahokia came to life.

A thriving metropolis, this city at its heyday was home to nearly 25,000 people, said Robert Birmingham, an archaeologist with the Wisconsin Historical Society in Madison.

“That’s bigger than London was at that time,” Birmingham said. “This was a city. I mean it rivals some of the Mayan stuff we see from Central America.”

With temples, a plaza in the center of the city, and fortified walls surrounding the inner metropolitan area, Cahokia was a powerful and grand center.

And the people who lived there are known as the Middle Mississippians.

“I don’t think these were a particularly happy or peaceful lot,” said Birmingham, who referred to evidence of large, ritualistic human sacrifices at Cahokia, as well as indications of cannibalism.

Evidence of these people can be found throughout the Midwest and Southeast. It is suggested that modern Native American tribes, such as the Creek, Chickasaw and Natchez, are the historical remnants of this culture.

In Wisconsin, it was the Middle Mississippians who established the fortressed village at Aztalan, an archaeological site on the banks of the Crawfish River, near Lake Mills.

“There are signs of human butchering and cannibalism there, too,” Birmingham said.

And there is evidence suggesting that Late Woodland people were living alongside.

Role of Middle Mississippians


The issue, according to James Stoltman, a retired professor of archaeology at UW-Madison, is what role the Middle Mississippians had on the transfer of Late Woodland to Oneota culture.

“I think this new evidence from Onalaska, as well as from other sites around the state, indicate that there was a marriage of culture between the Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian,” which gave birth to the Oneota, Stoltman said.

He points to Boszhardt’s discovery of both Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian pottery types at the same hearth; suggesting that a meal was shared between the two groups.

“We don’t see Oneota anywhere before 1000 A.D.,” he said. “So, arguments for Oneota coming into the state and pushing the Late Woodlanders out are baseless. They didn’t exist, so they couldn’t have done that.”

Stoltman, Boszhardt and Birmingham also point to archaeological objects, such as pottery, to further their argument of a cultural blending between Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian traditions.

“Early Oneota looks like a mix of the two,” Stoltman said.

Three separate cultures?


But Overstreet, who is also director of the Center for Archaeology Research in Milwaukee, disagrees.

He believes that these three cultures are separate; that there was no “marriage” or “birth” in any combination between any of the groups.

He points to radiocarbon dates that he collected from Oneota pottery in northeastern Wisconsin, which show this group’s presence as early as A.D. 900.

“The Oneota came in and pushed the effigy-mound people out. They just kept moving west, sweeping Late Woodland across and out of Wisconsin,” Overstreet said.

The Aztalan and Onalaska evidence – the latter which he has not seen – are indications of the fierce, powerful state of Cahokia; which probably, like Rome, sent troops out to put the neighboring tribes in order.

“Aztalan is a fort in Cahokia’s frontier,” Overstreet said. “It is surrounded by walls. And you don’t see a scrap of any later Oneota culture from here. Nothing.”

The new evidence at Onalaska, said Overstreet, is probably just a one-time event in which Cahokian troops or traders moved up the river checking in on their frontier folk.

“We really have never understood what role these people (Middle Mississippians) were playing at these sites,” Overstreet said. “But, I think they were here to put people in line.”

A difference of opinion

“That’s bunk,” Boszhardt said. “His radiocarbon dates are bad.”

Stoltman agrees.

“When you look at dates, you have to pick the median. Where do most of the dates fall?” he said. “You can’t pick those at the extremes.”

Whatever the results from Onalaska eventually show, the site will be reburied under a new development of houses and condominiums.

“This way, in another 1,000 years, someone else can come along and look at this same stuff, and figure it out from there,” Boszhardt said.

SOURCE:


Susanne Quick is a staff writer for the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.


 

FELTER V. NORTON.. Response brief filed for Uinta Mixed Bloods of Utah

Just wanted to let everyone know that our attorney, Dennis G. Chappabitty, just filed our response brief to the government’s “Motion to Dismiss” in Felter Vs. Norton on Monday, October 6, 2003 by electronic mailing. It was filed in Washington D.C.

Natives celebrate return of sacred bundle: Spirits Back Home
Sacred Lands Protection Events -Fall 2003
Statement of the Tetuwan Oyate, Teton Sioux Nation Treaty Council
Tribal descendant wins fight to retreive hair