Pre-columbian indian cultures in US timeline
Eleven pre-columbian indian cultures lived in North America between 15,000 years ago and 700 A.D.
The pre-Columbian civilizations were extraordinary developments in human society and culture, ranking with the early civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China.
Like the ancient civilizations of the Old World, those in the New World were characterized by kingdoms and empires, great monuments and cities, and refinements in the arts, metallurgy, and writing.
The ancient civilizations of the Americas also display in their histories similar cyclical patterns of growth and decline, unity and disunity.
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continent, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
While the phrase “pre-Columbian era” literally refers only to the time preceding Christopher Columbus’s voyages of 1492, in practice the phrase is usually used to denote the entire history of indigenous American cultures until those cultures were extinguished, diminished, or extensively altered by Europeans, even if this happened long after Columbus.
The alternative terms precontact, precolonial, or prehistoric Americas are also used.
| Date | Culture or event | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| c. 300 B.C.–A.D. 1300 | Anasazi (a Navajo word meaning “The Ancient Ones”). Their descendants are the Hopi and other Pueblo Indians.Inhabited Colorado Plateau “four corners” area where Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado meet. |
An agricultural society that cultivated cotton and wove cotton fabrics. The early Anasazi are known as the Basketmaker People for their extraordinary basketwork. They were also skilled workers in stone and carved stone Kachina dolls. The Anasazi built pit houses, and later apartment-like pueblos. They constructed road networks and were avid astronomers. They used a solar calendar. They traded with Mesoamerican Toltecs. Important culture sites include: Chaco Canyon, N.M.; Mesa Verde, Colo.; Canyon de Chelly, Ariz.; Bandelier, N.M.; Betatkin, N.M. The Acoma Pueblo, N.M., built circa A.D. 1300 and still occupied, may be the oldest continuously inhabited village in the U.S. |
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c. 8,500 years ago |
Northwest Coast Indians. Some modern descendants are the Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Makah tribes.Settled along the shores, rivers, and creeks of southeastern Alaska to northern California. |
A maritime culture, were expert canoe builders.Salmon fishing was important. Some tribes hunted whales and other sea mammals. Developed a high culture without the benefit of agriculture, pottery, or influence of ancient Mexican civilizations. Tribes lived in large, complex communities, constructed multifamily cedar plank houses. Evolved a caste system of chiefs, commoners, and slaves.Were highly skilled in crafts and woodworking that reached their height after European contact, which provided them steel tools. Placed an inordinate value on accumulated wealth and property. Held lavish feasts (called potlatches) to display their wealth and social status. Important culture sites: Ozette, Wash. (a Makah village). |
| c. 15,000 years ago, near the end of the Ice Age | First migration of Paleo-Indians in North America by people of Beringian subcontinent. | Nomadic hunters from northeast Asia are believed to have crossed the Bering Strait land bridge (that scientists call Beringia) into present-day Alaska. |
| c. 11,200 years ago | Clovis Culture | Known for invention of superbly crafted grooved or fluted stone projectiles (Clovis points) first found near Clovis, New Mexico, in 1932.
Clovis points have been found throughout the Americas. Hunted big game, notably mammoths. |
| c. 10,900 years ago | Folsom Culture | Named for site found near Folsom, New Mexico, 1926. Developed a smaller, thinner, fluted spear point than Clovis type.
Hunted big game, notably the huge bison ancestor of the modern buffalo. First used a spear-throwing device called an atlatl (an Aztec word for “spear-thrower”). > Discovery of Folsom point in 1927 gave first proof of Glacial Man in America. |
| c. 10,500 years ago | Plano or Plainview Culture |
Named after the site in Plainview, Texas. They are associated primarily with the Great Plains area. Developed a delicately flaked spear point that lacked fluting. Were bison hunters. Adopted mass-hunting technique (jump-kill) to drive animal herds off a cliff. Preserved meat in the form of pemmican. First to use grinding stones to grind seeds and meat. |
| c. 500 B.C.–A.D. 200 | Adena Culture | Named for the estate called Adena near Chilicothe, Ohio, where their earthwork mounds were first found.
Culture was centered in present southern Ohio, but also lived in Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Were the pioneer mound builders in the U.S. and constructed spectacular burial and effigy mounds. Settled in villages of circular post-and-wattle houses. Primarily hunter-gatherers, they farmed corn, tobacco, squash, pumpkins, and sunflowers at an early date. Important culture sites: The Adena Mound, Ohio; Grave Creek Mound, W.V.; Monks Mound, Ill., is the largest mound. May have built the Great Serpent Mound in Ohio. |
| c. A.D. 300–1300 | Hohokam people (a Pima Indian word meaning “The Vanished Ones”). Believed to be ancestors of the modern Papago (Tohono O’odham) and Pima (Akimel O’odham) Indian groups. | Settled in present-day Arizona. Were desert farmers. Cultivated corn. Were first to grow cotton in the Southwest.
Wove cotton fabrics. Built pit houses and later multi-storied buildings (pueblos). Constructed vast network of irrigation systems. Major canals were over 30 miles long. Built ball courts and truncated pyramids similar to those found in Middle America. First in world known to master etching (etched shells with fermented Saguaro juice). Traded with Mesoamerican Toltecs. Important culture sites: Pueblo Grande, Ariz.; Snaketown, Ariz; Casa Grande, Ariz. |
| c. 300 B.C.–A.D. 1100 | Mogollon Culture | Were highland farmers but also hunters in what is now eastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
Named after cluster of mountain peaks along Arizona-New Mexico border. They developed pit houses, later dwelt in pueblos. Were accomplished stoneworkers. Famous for magnificent black on white painted pottery (Minbres Valley pottery), the finest North American native ceramics. Important settlements: Casa Malpais, Ariz. (first ancient catacombs in U.S., discovered there 1990); Gila Cliff, N.M.; Galaz, N.M. Casa Grandes in Mexico was largest settlement. |
| c. 100 B.C.–A.D. 500 | Hopewell Culture. May be ancestors of present-day Zuni Indians. | Named after site in southern Ohio. Lived in Ohio valley, central Mississippi, and Illinois River Valleys.
Were both hunter-gatherers and farmers. Villages were built along rivers, characterized by large conical or dome-shaped burial mounds and elaborate earthen walls enclosing large oval or rectangular areas. Were highly skilled craftsmen in pottery, stone, sculpture, and metalworking, especially copper. Engaged in widespread trade all over northern America extending west to the Rocky Mountains. Important culture sites: Newark Mound, Ohio; Great Serpent Mound, Ohio; Crooks Mound, La. |
| c. A.D.700–European contact. | Mississippi Culture. Major tribes of the Southeast are their modern descendants. | Extended from Mississippi Valley into Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.
Constructed large flat-topped earthen mounds on which were built wooden temples and meeting houses and residences of chiefs and priests. (They were also known as Temple Mound Builders.) Built huge cedar pole circles (“woodhenges”) for astronomical observations. Were highly skilled hunters with bow and arrow. Practiced large-scale farming of corn, beans, and squash. Were skilled craftsmen. Falcon and Jaguar were common symbols in their art. Had clear ties with Mexico. The largest Mississippian center and largest of all mounds (Monks Mound) was at Cahokia, Ill. Other great temple centers were at Spiro, Okla.; Moundville, Ala.; and Etowah, Ga. |