The earliest history of the Nehalem country is so closely entwined with that of the Clatsops of the north and the Tillamooks of the south that its separation is impossible. From the very earliest written record of the Clatsop and Nehalem people, they are described as being culturally, economically, and socially integrated with one-another.
The Chinook Indian Nation consists of the western most Chinookan people. This tribe includes bands of Lower Chinook, Clatsop, Willapa, Wahkiakum and Cathlamet. They have always resided in the lower Columbia River region.
The Hia C-eḍ O'odham have often been considered a "Papago subtribe" by anthropologists, along with the Tohono O'odham and several groups that vanished or merged with the Tohono O'odham.
The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe comprises all of the known surviving Native American lineages indigenous to the San Francisco Bay region who trace their ancestry through the Mission Dolores, Mission Santa Clara and Mission San Jose and who descend from members of the historic Federally Recognized Verona Band of Alameda County.
They received a favorable opinion from the U.S. District in Washington, D.C., of their court case to expedite the reaffirmation of the tribe as a federally recognized tribe on September 21, 2006. The Advisory Council on California Indian Policy assisted in their case. They lost the case in 2011, and have filed an appeal.
Originally hunter-gatherers, the Chimariko are possibly the earliest residents of their region in California. They had good reliations with Wintu people and were enemies of the Hupa, a Southern Athabaskan people. Conflict between Chimariko and white miners led to almost total extinction of the entire population. The surviving Chimariko fled to live with the Hupa and Shasta and became extinct by 1900.
The Northern Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River Reservation is one of four groups of Arapaho who originally occupied the headwaters of the Arkansas and Platte Rivers in what is now northeastern Colorado.