Frank Blackhorse (Francis DeLuca, Frank Leonard Deluca, Cherokee) is one of several aliases used by a member of the American Indian Movement. He is perhaps best known for his participation in the Wounded Knee incident, particularly his role in the shootout that left two FBI and one American Indian dead and for becoming a fugitive on the run who fled to Canada shortly after.
Much of Blackhorse’s early and personal life is shrouded in mystery. According to one source, Frank Blackhorse was born Frank Leonard Deluca. However, another source identifies Frank Blackhorse as being born Francis Deluca.
Blackhorse has an incredibly long list of aliases which he uses. The list of these aliases, include Francis Blackhorse, Frank DeLuca, Bruce Johnson, Richard Leon High Eagle, Richard Tall Bull, Mike Houston, Michael Houston, Teddy Louis and Teddy Lewis.
Although Blackhorse self-identifies as a member of the Cherokee nation, some sources state that he is a non-Indian. Also supporting these claims is the FBI, who state that Blackhorse is of Italian ethnicity. Two sources posit that Blackhorse is of Jewish descent.
Although Blackhorse claims to have been born in the town of Cherokee, North Carolina, the FBI claims that Blackhorse was born in the city of Cleveland, Ohio.
A previous associate, Father Michael Campagna, affiliated with Campagna Academy (formerly Hoosier Boys’ Town of Indiana) of Schererville, Indiana, came across the FBI Wanted Flyer #482, and identifies Blackhorse as Frank L. Deluca, whose original date of birth was 16 October 1954, whose place of birth was in the city of Chicago, Illinois to mother Kay Goldfein and Frank Deluca.
Wounded Knee
On 11 March 1973, FBI agent Curtis A. Fitzgerald took a bullet in the wrist. Although no conclusive evidence existed in regard to who fired the first shot that wounded Agent Fitzgerald, Black Horse was arrested and charged with shooting Agent Fitzgerald.
Later that March, Black Horse was released on a $10,000.00 cash bond.
On 29 August 1974, a Federal Grand Jury in Sioux Falls, South Dakota indicted Frank Black Horse for allegedly shooting FBI Special Agent Curtis A. Fitzgerald at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
Blackhorse failed to make an appearance at the scheduled trial in Council Bluffs and United States District Court Judge Andrew W. Bogue subsequently issued a bench warrant for Black Horse.
His lawyer, Martha Copleman, was found in contempt of court regarding Blackhorse’s no show for a trial. Blackhorse’s attorney fought to the Supreme Court for the right to “not” disclose why her client disappeared, a decision which was upheld by the Supreme Court.
Jumping Bull Compound Shootout
Blackhorse was named a suspect in the FBI’s RESMURS case, the name assigned to the investigation into an incident involving a shootout at Jumping Bull Compound that resulted in the murder of two FBI Special Agents, Jack Coler and Ronald Williams. Blackhorse made it on to the FBI’s 10 Most Wanted List during the 1970s.
Leonard Peltier, along with Blackhorse, were arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Hinton, Alberta, Canada at the Smallboy’s Reserve/Smallboy Camp, transported to Calgary, Alberta and taken to the Oakalla Prison Farm in Vancouver, British Columbia on February 6,1976.
Both were extradited to the United States, but charges against Blackhorse related to the RESMURS case were dropped.
Several sources report that Blackhorse was never extradited. One source states that Frank Blackhorse was not extradicted and allowed to roam free in Western Canada.
The book, Mi’ Taku’ye-Oyasin: The Native American Holocaust Volume II, indicated that Blackhorse fled the United States shortly after witnessing and/or participating in the murder of civil rights activist Ray Robinson and had “remained” in Canada “under various aliases.
Blackhorse’s current whereabouts are unknown. According to the book, When Will We Ever Learn,
Author Antoinette Nora Claypoole, author of Who Would Unbraid Her Hair : the Legend of Annie Mae
There are many proponents of Leonard Peltier’s innocence who believe Blackhorse is the key to securing Peltier’s freedom. Blackhorse is believed to have information related to the murder of the two FBI agents for which Peltier was found guilty.
Michael Kuzma, a defense attorney representing American Indian Movement activist Leonard Peltier, has appealed to the public in aiding the attorney in his mission to locate Blackhorse.
Kuzma followed the plea up with a lawsuit filed in a federal court in the city of Buffalo, New York. On 13 May 2004, Kuzma filed an application with the U.S. Department of Justice to obtain the records in its possession pertaining to Blackhorse.
On February 10, 2012, on Kuzma’s behalf, attorneys Peter A. Reese, an attorney who provided assistance to Kuzma in the latter’s unsuccessful attempt to secure the release of the documents via a Freedom of Information request, submitted on documents related to Blackhorse, and Daire Brian Irwin filed a suit in the US District Court in Buffalo, New York, seeking an order directing the Justice Department to release the requested records of Blackhorse.
Kuzma has also claimed that Blackhorse was an FBI operative sent to infiltrate the ranks of AIM to win the trust of its members. According to Kuzma, “The FBI set the wheels in motion that got its agents killed,” which he believes happened when informants working on behalf of the agency infiltrated AIM (including Blackhorse), with Kuzma citing a previously obtained document, dated January 15, 1976, in which Deputy Director General (Ops) M. S. Sexsmith of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police wrote to a colleague about Blackhorse’s surreptitious provision of information from within the American Indian Movement.”
One source, the No Parole Peltier Association (NPPA), criticized Kuzma’s efforts to get Peltier paroled by suggesting that Blackhorse was the reason Peltier was criticized. The NPPA points to several facts surrounding Leonard Peltier’s case.
They cite the fact that Peltier was aware of the individual who turned their group over to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (old man Yellow bird, who was paid for his collaboration with the R.C.M.P.). Peltier himself says that “the person who was responsible for our arrest was the old man Yellow bird who we learned later was paid for his work by the R.C.M.P,” and the fact that Kuzma’s discourse on Blackhorse in no way provides proof or connection to Peltier and the murder of Special Agents Coler and Williams.”