Here is a timeline of the Cahuilla people from the time of their first contact with Europeans in 1774 to the present.
The Spanish, who had occupied Mexico since the 1500s, establish a religious and military presence in California by building Franciscan missions along the coast. In 1769, a mission is built at San Diego — the first of many.
1774
Spaniard Juan Bautista de Anza, with the help of Native American guides, establishes an overland route from Mexico to the California coast. He is presumably the first European to make contact with the Cahuilla people.
1776
Mission San Gabriel establishes an asistencia closer to the mountains and nearer to Cahuilla territory where it begins to impact Cahuilla life and belief systems.
Early 1800s
Cahuilla Indians begin traveling to Missions to work as seasonal laborers.
1822
Mexico gains independence from Spain after twelve years of fighting.
1823-6
Captain Jose Romero establishes an overland route from California to Mexico. He encounters a hot spring in the area now known as Palm Springs and names it Agua Caliente (hot water).
1830s
Jose Lebacho and other Cahuilla Indians construct irrigation ditches in the area now known as Palm Springs to water crops and orchards.
1848
The United States wins the Mexican-American War, annexing half of Mexico’s territory, including California. A stage line is established through Cahuilla territory. Settlers begin to occupy the region.
1850
California becomes a State.
1852
The Treaty of Temecula is drawn between the United States government and Cahuilla leaders setting aside lands for the occupation of Cahuilla, Luiseño, and Serrano Indian tribes. Unbeknownst to the Indians, the treaty is never ratified.
1853
The area now known as the Coachella Valley is surveyed and platted as government surveyors search for appropriate routes for a transcontinental railroad. The survey report describes an encounter with Cahuilla people at the Agua Caliente Hot Spring.
1860s
Following the establishment of a stagecoach line, the Southern Pacific Railroad plans to build a line through the Coachella Valley. The Federal government grants the railroad ten miles of odd-numbered sections of land on each side of the railroad right-of-way.
1875
Cahuilla Indians help to construct a future railroad route through the Coachella Valley.
1876
President Grant establishes Indian reservations across Cahuilla territory, including the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation. That same year, the Southern Pacific rail service reaches the Coachella Valley.
1877
President Hayes extends the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation to include even-numbered sections.
1885
Indian Agent Helen Hunt Jackson writes the novel Ramona, highlighting the lives of southern California Indians. The novel follows the publication of her official report describing the deplorable living conditions of several tribal groups, including the Agua Caliente.
1887
The first hotel in Palm Springs is constructed at the Agua Caliente Hot Spring on land leased from the Tribe. Individuals suffering from pulmonary and tubercular conditions are drawn to the desert and the Hot Spring in the hope of curing their ailments. A simple bathhouse is also constructed on the site.
1890 & 1892
St. Boniface Indian School is founded in Banning, California. The Catholic boarding school, focused on vocational and religious training, serves about one hundred Indian students in grades one through eight, many from nearby Indian reservations. Two years later the federal government opens the Perris Indian School, housing more than one hundred Indian students. The school’s focus is agricultural training.
1904
Sherman Institute, a government-run Indian boarding school, opens in Riverside. It houses students from more than fifty tribes and focuses on vocational training to serve mainstream American society. Its purpose, like other Indian boarding schools, is cultural assimilation.
1910s
Agua Caliente leaders decide to demolish the rustic bathhouse located over the Agua Caliente Hot Spring and construct a new one in an effort to promote health-focused tourism and to generate tribal income.
1918
The Bureau of Indian Affairs formally forbids the most important ceremony in Cahuilla traditional life, the nukil (mourning) ceremony, fearing that such gatherings promote traditional Indian culture and compromise cultural assimilation efforts.
1919
Southern California Indian tribes, frustrated with federal policies and practices, form the Mission Indian Federation – a pro-sovereignty political organization asserting tribal rights.
1930
Alejo Patencio, the Tribe’s net (or traditional leader), dies. Tribal leader Francisco Patencio assumes the responsibilities of this role.
Early 1930s
The Agua Caliente Band constructs a new bathhouse at the Hot Spring in response to Palm Springs’ increasing popularity with health seekers and the Hollywood film industry.
1938
The City of Palm Springs is incorporated. It forms a checkerboard pattern of odd numbered squares within the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation.
1939
Revered shaman and ceremonial leader, Pedro Chino, dies at well over one hundred years old. Famous as a powerful spiritual leader and healer, he had long fought for traditional rights and tribal political autonomy.
1941
The Agua Caliente Band signs a 25-year land lease to allow the City of Palm Springs to construct a new airport and to promote local tourism.
1943
The book Stories & Legends of the Palm Springs Indians by Agua Caliente elder and ceremonial leader Francisco Patencio is published. Concerned that Cahuilla people were no longer learning sacred songs, ceremonies, or even the Cahuilla language, Patencio worked with ethnographers to help preserve such knowledge.
1951
Ceremonial leader Albert Patencio dies and the decision is made to burn and not rebuild the ceremonial house, formally making a break with traditional life.
1952
The Agua Caliente Band passes its first modern Constitution and By-Laws.
Mid-1950s
The Agua Caliente Band forms the first all-woman tribal council in the United States. This group and subsequent councils successfully oppose federal termination efforts and obtain the first long-term lease legislation in the United States for Indian lands, clearing the way for tribal land development across the country.
Arguing on behalf of non-discriminatory land lease reform, Eileen Miguel once famously stated in a federal hearing: “We have valuable land, but you can’t eat dirt.”
1957
The third and final bathhouse is demolished in preparation for the construction of the Palm Springs Spa.
1959
U.S. Equalization Act is finalized, dividing tribal land individually among its 104 members. Conservators and guardians are assigned to many tribal members to control their land and assets.
1960
Construction of the Palm Springs Spa is completed. Built on reservation land, it is the first long-term Indian land lease in the country.
1963
The Spa Hotel opens for business.
1962
City of Palm Springs Resolution No. 6781 requests cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Association of Conservators and Guardians to clear lots on Indian-owned land in Section 14 for speedy re-development, frequently without informing all affected parties, including Indian land owners and Section 14’s low-income residents. The subsequent demolition of Section 14 is later described in a California Department of Justice report as “a city engineered holocaust.”
1965
The book Golden Checkerboard is published, purportedly telling the story of Indian land development in Palm Springs. It describes Superior Court Judge Hilton McCabe as a “little white father,” lauding the Judge and conservator/executor of Indian estates as being responsible for resolving legal hurdles that had prevented the development of reservation lands. The book’s author Ed Ainsworth is later sued by tribal members for defamation of character.
1967
The Department of the Interior begins a probe of the guardianship-conservatorship program. At the same time, journalist George Ringwald of the Press-Enterprise newspaper begins an independent investigation.
1968
Following federal and state investigations into charges of “questionable conduct,” the fraudulent conservatorship program, a program that swallowed large portions of Indian estates by placing them into the hands of lawyers, judges, and business owners, is ended.
George Ringwald’s investigative reporting on the guardianship-conservatorship program earns the Press-Enterprise a Pulitzer Prize for Meritorious Service.
1975
During the 1960s, the Tribe filed a lawsuit against the City of Palm Springs in regards to the question of who has jurisdiction over zoning of Indian lands. The U.S. Supreme Court in 1975 recognized that Indian tribes retain “attributes of sovereignty over both their members and their territory” (United States v. Mazurie, 1975).
1977
The Tribe votes to change its name to Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians. The original name included the term “Mission Indians” – an inaccuracy since the Agua Caliente Indians were not closely associated with the Spanish Mission system. In that same year, the Tribe entered into land use agreement with the City of Palm Springs – the first such agreement in the country.
1980
The U.S. Supreme Court again holds that “tribal sovereignty is dependent on, and subordinate to, only the Federal Government, not the States” (Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Indian Reservation, 1980).
1987
The U.S. Supreme Court rules in California v. the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians that the regulation of gaming on tribal lands is the province of the tribes. This ultimately leads to the passage of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act.
Today
The Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians continues its legacy of land stewardship and development by entering into land use agreements with neighboring desert cities, developing Indian lands to their highest and best use, and contributing to the economic and social well-being of the Coachella Valley through employment opportunities, ongoing philanthropic giving, and business diversification.
Highlights of the Tribe’s enterprises today include:
• Spa Resort Casino and Hotel (Palm Springs)
• Agua Caliente Casino Resort Spa (Rancho Mirage)
• Indian Canyons Golf Resort (Palm Springs)
• Village Traditions residential community (Palm Springs)
• Office Buildings (throughout Palm Springs)
• Tribal Land Planning and Development (Palm Springs, Cathedral City, Rancho Mirage, County of Riverside)